REFERENCES

Abrams, R. (1997). Electroconvulsive Therapy. 3rd Edition, Oxford/ New York, Oxford University Press.

Abse, D.W. and Ewing, J.A. (1956). Transference and countertransference in somatic therapies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 123, 32-40.

Baxter, L.R., Roy-Byrne, P., Liston, E.H. and Fairbanks, L. (1986). The experience of electroconvulsive therapy in the 1980s. Convulsive Therapy, 2, 179-189.

Boyer, L.B. (1952). Fantasies concerning ECT. Psychoanalytic Review, 39, 252-270.

Breggin, P. (1991). Toxic Psychiatry. New York, St Martin's Press.

Calev, A., Kochav-lev, E., Tubi, M.A., Nigal, D., Chazan, S., Shapira, B. and Lerer, B.(1991) Change in attitude toward electroconvulsive therapy: effects of treatment, time since treatment and severity of depression. Convulsive Therapy, 7, 184-189.

Cook, L.C. (1944). Convulsion therapy. International Journal of Mental Science, 90, 435-464.

Duffett, R., and Lelliott, P. (1988) Auditing electroconvulsive therapy: the third cycle. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 401-405.

Fisher, S., Fisher, R., and Hilkevitch, A. (1953) The conscious and unconscious attitudes of psychotic patients towards electric shock treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 118, 144-152.

Fox,H.A. (1993) Patients' fear of and objection to electroconvulsive therapy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44, 357-360.

Frank, L.R. (1990) Electroshock: death, brain damage, memory loss and brainwashing. In: Cohen, D (ed) Challenging the Therapeutic State. The Journal of Mind and Behaviour, 11, 489-512.

Freeman, C.P.L. and Cheshire, K.A. (1986) Attitude studies on electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy, 2, 31-42.

Freeman, C.P.L. and Kendall, R.E. (1980) ECT: patients' experiences and attitudes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 8-16.

Friedberg, J. (1976) Shock Treatment is Not Good for your Brain. San Francisco, Glide Publishing.

Gomez, J. (1975) Subjective side-effects of ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 609-611.

Gordon, H.L. (1948) Fifty shock therapy theories. Military Surgeon, 103, 397-401.

Hillard, J.R. and Folger, R. (1977) Patients' attitudes and attributions to electroconvulsive shock therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 855-861.

Hughes, J., Barraclough, B.M. and Reeve, W. (1981). Are patients shocked by ECT? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 74, 283-285.

Kerr, R.A., McGrath, J.J., O'Kearney, R.T. and Price, J. (1982). ECT: misconceptions and attitudes. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 43-49.

Lawrence, J. (1997). Voices from within; a study of ECT and patient perceptions. http://www.il.net/~juli/study.html

Lindow. V. (1992), A service user's view. In: Wright, H. and Giddey, M. (eds) Mental Health Nursing: From First Principles to Professional Practice. London, Chapman and Hall.

Malcolm, K. (1989). Patients' perceptions and knowledge of electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatric Bulletin, 13, 161-165.

The Mental Health Foundation (1997) Knowing our own Minds. The Mental Health Foundation. MIND (1993). MIND.

MIND (1995) Older women and ECT. MIND

Pettinati, H.M., Tamburello, B.A., Ruetsch, C.R. and Kaplan, F.N. (1994) Patient attitudes towards electroconvulsive therapy. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 30, 471-475.

Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. and Lacey, R. (1993) Experiencing Psychiatry: Users' Views of Services. London, Macmillan.

Riordan, D.M., Barron, P. and Bowden, M (1993) ECT: a patient-friendly procedure? Psychiatric Bulletin, 17, 531-533.

Royal College of Psychiatrists (1997). Patient information factsheet number 7: Electroconvulsive therapy. London, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Royal College of Psychiatrists (1995). The ECT Handbook. London, Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Szuba, M.P., Baxter, L.R., Liston, E.H. and Roy-Byrne, P. (1991) Patient and family perspectives of electroconvulsive therapy: correlation with outcome. Convulsive Therapy, 7, 175-183.

UKAN (United Kingdom Advocacy Network) (1996). ECT Survey. The Advocate, Issue I, Spring/Summer, 24-28.

Wallcraft, J. (1987). Electroconvulsive therapy: is there any justification for its continued use? Unpublished BSc thesis, Middlesex Polytechnic.

Warren, C. (1988) Electroconvulsive therapy, the self and family relations. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 7, 283-300.

Wayne, G.J. (1955). Some unconscious determinants in physicians motivating the use of particular treatment methods. Psychoanalytic Review, 42, 83-87.

Weigart, E.V. (1940) Psychoanalytical notes on sleep and convulsion treatment in functional psychoses. In: Boyer, L.B. (1952), Fantasies concerning ECT. Psychoanalytic Review, 39, 252-270.

Weiner, R.D. and Krystal, A.D. (1994) The present use of electroconvulsive therapy. Annual Review of Medicine, 45, 273-281.

Williams, J. and Watson, G. (1994). Mental health services that empower women: the challenge to clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Forum, 64, 11-17.

Winnicott, D.W. (1947) Physical therapy of mental disorder. British Medical Journal, May 17, 688-689.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Dr Kate Gleeson for supervision, to Natalie Hall for transcribing the tapes, and to L.R.Frank, Sue Kemsley and Dr Viv Lindow for their helpful comments.

The Author:

Lucy Johnstone,
Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology and Counselling,
University of the West of England,
St Matthias Campus,
Oldbury Court Road,
Fishponds,
Bristol BS16 2JP

This article was first published in Journal of Mental Health (1999), 8, 1, 69-85. © Lucy Johnstone, 1999

[Previous] - [Back to Beginning]